Sundar Gutka: Origins, History, and the Legacy of Bhai Mani Singh
The Sundar Gutka is one of the most cherished collections of Sikh scriptures, known for its beauty and simplicity. Compiled for daily recitation, it holds a sacred place in the hearts of Sikhs around the world. However, few may be aware of the remarkable historical journey that led to its creation and the significant role played by Bhai Mani Singh, a devoted Sikh, scholar, and martyr.
What is the Sundar Gutka?
The Sundar Gutka is a portable book of selected Sikh prayers and hymns, including the Nitnem Banis (daily prayers) and other essential compositions from the Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth. In Punjabi, the term “Sundar Gutka” means “Beautiful Collection,” a title reflecting the sacredness and elegance of the verses it contains. Sikhs use the Sundar Gutka daily, reciting its hymns as a spiritual practice and source of inspiration, peace, and strength.
Traditionally, the Sundar Gutka includes:
- Japji Sahib, Jaap Sahib, Tav Prasad Savaiye, Chaupai Sahib, and Anand Sahib — daily recitations for morning, evening, and night.
- Rehras Sahib and Kirtan Sohila — additional evening and nighttime prayers.
- Additional selections like Sukhmani Sahib, Aarti, and hymns of devotion and gratitude.
The Historical Significance of Bhai Mani Singh
The role of Bhai Mani Singh (1644-1738) in Sikh history is profound and pivotal. As a devoted Sikh of the tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, Bhai Mani Singh was a leader, a writer, and a central figure in preserving Sikh literature and practices after the Guru’s passing. His efforts were essential during a time of persecution and upheaval, and he is widely recognized for his contributions to compiling and preserving Sikh scriptures.
The Story Behind the Name “Sundar Gutka”
According to Sikh oral tradition, there is a beloved story in which Guru Gobind Singh Ji once noticed a gutka (small prayer book) in Bhai Mani Singh’s hands. Bhai Mani Singh was known for his beautiful handwriting, and this gutka was hand-written by him with care and devotion. Impressed by the elegance and organization of the handwritten prayers, Guru Gobind Singh Ji asked to see the gutka. Upon examining it, he remarked, “Mani Singh, your gutka is sundar” (beautiful). From that moment, the name Sundar Gutka was attributed to the collection, in honor of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s praise and Bhai Mani Singh’s dedication.
While this story exists in oral tradition rather than documented historical sources, it reflects the high regard Guru Gobind Singh Ji had for Bhai Mani Singh’s work and the devotion behind the creation of the Sundar Gutka.
Bhai Mani Singh’s Role in Compiling Sikh Scriptures
Beyond this story, Bhai Mani Singh played a critical role in preserving Sikh teachings and texts. Following Guru Gobind Singh’s passing, Bhai Mani Singh took charge of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar and dedicated himself to compiling and safeguarding Sikh scriptures. Recognizing the need for Sikhs to carry select scriptures conveniently, he organized prayers into compact collections that could be used for daily recitation — a precursor to today’s Sundar Gutka.
Bhai Mani Singh’s handwritten gutka not only made the prayers accessible to more Sikhs but also set a standard for the beauty, clarity, and devotion with which Sikh texts were written. His contributions ensured that Sikhs everywhere could carry essential verses close to their heart as part of their personal devotion.
A Life of Martyrdom and Legacy
In 1738, Bhai Mani Singh was executed by the Mughal authorities for his refusal to pay a tax to hold a Sikh gathering in Amritsar, a testament to his unwavering dedication to his faith. His martyrdom is remembered as a symbol of bravery and commitment, and his legacy lives on in Sikh history and scripture.
Why is it Called the “Sundar Gutka”?
The name Sundar Gutka (“Beautiful Collection”) is believed to have been given by Guru Gobind Singh Ji himself, reflecting the beauty of the verses within and the respect for Bhai Mani Singh’s devotion and craftsmanship. The collection’s name reflects both the elegance of the sacred verses and the lasting honor of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s recognition. The Sundar Gutka is now an essential part of Sikh life, carrying the heritage of faith, devotion, and scholarship.
Modern-day Sundar Gutka and Variations
Today, several versions of the Sundar Gutka exist, including printed and digital forms, catering to Sikhs around the world. Though there may be slight variations in content based on regional or organizational preferences, most versions include the standard daily prayers (Nitnem) and other popular hymns. The accessibility of these compilations ensures that the Sikh community can stay connected to their heritage, even in the modern age.
Conclusion
The Sundar Gutka is more than a collection of prayers; it is a testament to the endurance and preservation of Sikh faith through centuries of challenges. Bhai Mani Singh’s contribution to organizing and safeguarding Sikh scriptures has had a lasting impact, making it possible for Sikhs everywhere to carry their beliefs close to their hearts. His life and legacy are honored every time a Sikh opens the Sundar Gutka, remembering the beauty and depth of the Sikh tradition that Bhai Mani Singh helped to preserve.